Access to services like health and water is increasingly dependent on citizens’ capacity to pay, which transforms rightsholders into consumers, critics warn.
When it was launched in 2015, the Smart Cities Mission aimed to select 100 urban areas that would be retrofitted with infrastructure, offer residents a sustainable environment and use information technology to increase efficiency in governance.
This, the urban development ministry estimated, will cost Rs 7 lakh crore (approximately $105 billion) over the next 20 years.